Gold and Silver Coin History

The major commercial center linking the Asian kingdoms of the east with the coastal Greek cities of Ionia was Sardis, the capital city of ancient Lydia. So it was only natural that the first coins ever made would start here. Around 650 BC, give or take 10 years either way, coins with the head of a Lion first appeared and was used as the first system of bimetallic currency. These first coins were made of a metal called electrum, an uneven mixture of gold and silver, and sometimes had small traces of copper and or other metals in it.

In Lydia, the most used coins was minted into the weight 4.76 grams, These were called the trites and valued at 1/3rd a stater. Three of these coins weighted about 14.1 grams, and equaled one stater. A stater being about one month's pay for a soldier. One stater size coins as well as smaller fractions were minted also: the trite 1/3rd, the afore mentioned coin, the hekte 1/6th, 1/12th, 1/24th, 1/48th and down to 1/96th of a stater.

It didn't take long for the Greek cities of Ionia to start using electrum to start making their own coins. Widespread trading of electrum made coins was somewhat hampered however. Because of the uneven mixture of gold and silver, it was rather difficult to determine the exact worth of each coin. For this reason a foreign merchant would offer very low undervalued rates on local electrum coins. In 570 BC pure silver coins were introduced in parts of Greece making these difficulties less and less a problem.

By 560 BC, the Lydians came up with a process to separate the gold from silver, bringing about the minting of the first gold coins. Now gold coins were being produced along with silver coins. Electrum coins did remain a fairly popular form of currency until around 350 BC. Gold and silver coins however quickly became the world standard for currency used in trade. What helped to bring this about so quickly was in 547 BC, when after 13 days of the siege the Persians scaled a lightly defended part of the wall and captured the city of Sardis. Cyrus being amazed with the gold coins found in the Lydian kingdom, decided he wanted to make these gold coins for himself. The Persians learned to mint gold coins and began to use them for trade.

The Greek's liked the use of silver coins as currency and helped to make silver coins excepted as a world standard for currency. Unlike the Greeks, the Persians preferred gold coins over silver, and helped to make gold coins excepted as a world standard for currency. Between the two, gold and silver coins become the money excepted throughout the known world. From that time gold and silver coins has been the only true form of money to this very day.

At this point you may be saying what about the paper dollars, or yens, or euros I have in my pocket? Around 100 AD the Chinese were the first to invent paper. Sometime in the early 7th century they also become the first to invent paper money. This paper money was called flying money. These first bank notes carried a guarantee that it could be traded at any time for coinage. The paper was not the real money, it was the coinage that it could be traded for that was the real money. The paper was just a form of a promissory note, a promise to trade for real money.

In 1292 when Marco Polo came back from his travels in China telling people about this paper money they used there the people in Europe didn't believe it. It seemed as a joke that the Chinese used paper for money. Paper money in Europe wouldn't come about until the 1600s. In the mid 1600s paper money began to appear throughout Europe, some accepted, some not. The Goldsmithnotes printed by the Bank of England founded in 1694, were again a type of promissory note. These notes were printed as a promise from English gold smiths for account deposits. The clause "(I) promise to pay the bearer on demand the sum of --- pounds" in gold. Again the paper was not the money, the gold it could be traded in for was the money.

Article 1 section 8 paragraph 5 of The United States Constitution states that Congress has the power "To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;"

Article 1 section 10 paragraph 1 of The United States Constitution states that "No State shall ... make any Thing but gold and silver Coin a Tender in Payment of Debts;"
From these 2 sections of The United States Constitution it is clear that our founders did not want paper money as a form of tender in this country, and for good reason. They knew that gold and silver coins have and keep value, and paper always comes to problems. Many of our founders seeing the problems Europe had with their tries at using paper money, plus the early tries of the colonies to use paper money.

In 1836 the first bank notes were printed, with over 30,000 designs and colors, they were easily counterfeited, along with bank failures, became almost as poison to most people. In 1861 Congress authorized the United States Treasury to issue paper money for the first time in the form of non-interest bearing Treasury Notes called Demand Notes. In 1862 these notes were replaced with United States Notes. Commonly called Greenbacks. In 1865 Gold Certificates were issued. In 1868 National Bank Notes, backed by U.S. government securities were printed. In 1878 Silver Certificates in exchange for silver dollars were printed. In 1913 the Federal Reserve Act was passed, then everything changed.

Until this point the paper money printed could be traded in for gold or silver coins - real money. For a while federal reserve notes could be also. From 1913 to 1963 the federal reserve note went from a note that could be traded in for real money to nothing but a piece of paper that is not backed by anything, a debt instrument. Federal reserve notes no longer says it is redeemable for gold or silver, it only says "This Note Is Legal Tender For All Debts Public And Private." In fact the words lawful money is nowhere on the note at all anymore.

Today's federal reserve note is what is called fiat currency. Fiat currency does not have any intrinsic value or any guarantee that it can be converted into gold or another currency. Fiat currency is nothing but a government's order (fiat) that it must be accepted as a means of payment, back by nothing at all. The founders of the United States knew that is what would happen if paper money became accepted. That is why they made gold and silver coins the only form of lawful money in our Constitution.

Paper money never has been and never will be real money. Gold and silver coins has been and still is the only true real money. You hear that gold and silver is going up in value, when in reality it is the paper money going down in value, meaning it takes more paper to buy the same amount of gold. Back when quarters were still made of silver you could buy a loaf of bread with one of them. Today that same quarter made of silver would still buy you a loaf of bread.

Gold and silver coins is the safest place to invest your paper dollars. It is the one thing you can invest in that will never go broke. Stocks and bonds may crash, paper money may become worthless, banks may fail, but all through history gold and silver retains value. It is well known that Gold coins are the safest and most risk free place to invest ones savings. As the news informs us of the failing economy, and we see prices of everything go through the roof we need to find a safe place to put our hard earned federal reserve notes. At the decay rate of the dollar, if you can survive on $20.000.00 a year today, in about 10 years it will take you over $50,000.00 a year to live the same life style. That same $20,000.00 in gold coins in 10 years will last longer than a year.

Paper currencies offer you no protection in your investments, it only loses more and more value with each passing year. There is nothing that offsets the shrinking value of currencies like gold coins. When you save gold and silver bullion coins, such as the American Eagles, you build yourself a fortress of investment security.

Bernie Wheater lives in Rochester, New York. He is a marketing and business consultant. He helps show people the benefits of owning a home business.

Visit his website at: [http://www.freemoneytree.tk]

If you would like to learn how you can obtain Gold and Silver Eagle Coins for 40 cents on the dollar go to: [http://www.silverandgoldcoins.tk]

Get the Best Deals on Gold and Silver Coins
Don't Pay Too Much for Gold and Silver Coins

Hearing aids on the NHS

For as long as most of us can remember there has been a lengthy wait for a NHS hearing assessment and the subsequent fitting of NHS analogue hearing aid, with many people waiting many months to complete the process.
The more recent introduction of digital hearing aids has greatly improved the performance of modern hearing aids. However this has also lead to an increase in demand from new users and those looking to upgrade their current analogue hearing aids. This increased demand has impacted service levels and many NHS waiting lists have increased as a result.
It is a Government commitment to ensure assessments for hearing aids are made within a six weeks. Unfortunately this target only relates to the first stage of the process and makes no difference if patients have to endure months on a waiting list before prescribed hearing aid is actually fitted. Lengthy delays between assessment and fitting can also lead to the need for a re-assessment at the time of fitting.
The RNID estimates that around five hundred thousand people are currently waiting to have digital hearing aids fitted by the NHS.

The RNID also said:

"We remain seriously concerned about the capacity of the NHS to meet the Government’s aim of ensuring that no-one waits more than 18 weeks for a hearing aid fitting by the end of 2008."

There main area of concern is that the push to meet these new targets may result in a fall in the quality of the service offered.

As a result many people in the UK choose to opt out of the NHS service and buy their digital hearing aid directly from a retailer who can offer instant services.


Hearing Aid Repairs St Louis MO

Yellow Pages India

Yellow Pages India has become a need for new and old occupational to progress and churn out more money. It also helps in cutting more time that is while looking for the wanted news conventionally. Yellow Pages India is an authentic corporate key on the internet currently as it and assists in more professional deals. All one has to do is type the name of the institute or sector that one needs, and its makes done your search with the target results of the business firm or institution you was looking for! The specifics will be there at the tick of the mouse. It offers a door to many industries, including show business, sports, technology and as well as free guide of assorted further businesses.

In yellow pages India, one can find info of all the kit that one is looking for. One just has to send in the request to the provision provider through a short code. The message will be to the use giver and you can get the intelligence instantly. Such is the power of communication that it does not takes more than few minutes to get admission
to information of any kind around any room you want. The basic idea of all this exploration rite providers is to allow you to be in control of a location, somewhat then a state of affairs control you. In fact, it provides evidence on hotels, shops, travel agents, restaurants, cinema complexes, hospitals, educational and fitness enters.

The pallid page mass have made clothes simple and one trust, that lack of knowledge almost a clear thing will not ever be an young. After all, this is all so easy for you and you do not even need to make huge for this. Yellow are not printed in milky pages in the traditional way anymore but are also as long as through a clack of the mouse or numbers for reaching out to people straightforwardly and efficiently. Portals like wan India have made life and one does not have to contribute those opaque habitually printed manual anymore as one can get communication at the command of a button.

Visit Yellow pages Philippines an online yellow page in the Philippines.

Hearing Aids For Easy Listening

If you have trouble hearing in background noise or in group situations, whether they are always turning the TV / high volume of the radio to hear more clearly, if you have trouble understanding unless you're looking directly at the speaker, if always seems that people are mumbling, you are probably one of the more than 25 million people suffer from high frequency hearing loss.

People with this hearing loss, which is associated with aging, losing the ability to clearly hear higher frequencies, while the ability to hear lower frequencies often remains the same. Lower frequencies, the noise of the crowds, noise in general restaurants, shopping centers, the background sounds on TV, etc. stronger and seem to dominate the higher frequencies that are crucial for understanding speech. The sound becomes confusing.

Conventional hearing aids (in the canal hearing aids or behind the ear hearing aids with ear molds) to block the ear canal. Therefore, all sounds travel through the earpiece and are amplified. Without the custom of the assembly, testing and audio programming would be strong, but still confused. Today's technology allows tremendous gains in performance and features of digital hearing aids and has helped resolve many issues and objections. But along with the benefit comes the very high cost. So high, millions of seniors can not afford hearing aids.

A new type of hearing aid is great for Amplification of high frequency. It can also be manufactured and distributed to be very affordable, is called The Open or Open Ear hearing aid appropriate. A behind the ear style, this device does not use a mold of your ear to ear is not plugged. Instead, the sound is fed into the ear canal through a tube quite small (sound of the tube) to fungi in the form of silicone tip that slipped into the ear canal. The tip is ventilated to allow natural sounds and air to pass inside and outside the ear canal. The Open Ear style is very comfortable, and provides clear, crisp and natural, whereas the sound quality is almost invisible. The Open Ear style takes advantage of the natural acoustics ears, and reduces the effect of occlusion - the feeling connected often experienced with conventional hearing aids. For the first time users of hearing aids and veterans with mild to moderately severe high frequency hearing loss, there is simply no better choice. Custom ear molds are not needed, which can be programmed to adjust to their hearing loss or pre-purchased for the common high-frequency hearing loss greatly reduced prices. If you or a loved one is looking for help, be sure to search your favorite search engine to open the ears headphones, you could save $ 1000's.

For more info visit at www.hearingaid2k.com.

Digital Hearing Aids

Have A Cracker With Chiropractors

Chiropractic healing is a kind of healing that taps the body’s ‘inner intelligence’ – that innate sense of balance the body has when a person is physically, emotionally and mentally healthy. A healing art that was developed in the United States , chiropractic healing operates on the belief that the body can heal itself if there is an uninterrupted flow of energy or nerve impulses from the brain to the rest of the body.

It’s interesting to note that chiropractic healing came to the fore when David Palmer was able to cure deafness by manipulating a misaligned vertebra. This miraculous healing led more and more researches into the field of chiropractic healing. Modern chiropractors trace the beginnings of this art of healing to Hippocrates, who said, “Get knowledge of the spine, this is the requisite for many diseases”.

Chiropractors work primarily with the joints that lie along the spinal column. They believe that when the vertebrae and adjoining bones are misaligned in relation to the joints, the flow of impulses from the nerve is impeded or blocked. This in turn drains the body of its ability to stay healthy. What chiropractic healing does is quite evident from the name itself; ‘cheir’ means “hand” and ‘practikos’ means “done by” - healing manipulations that seek to correctly align the bones of the vertebra to restore total health. Chiropractic philosophy grew out of a ‘wholism’ which considers the body to be a single unified organ.

During therapy, a patient may hear his joints crack however the sessions are pain-free and quite refreshing too. This ‘crack’ is actually a vacuum-created nitrogen bubble that is bursting within the joint. The actual manipulations are often very gentle, and make use of a technique called ‘non-force’. Depending upon the nature of the problem and its longevity, multiple sessions may be needed. These techniques have been found to be very effective not only in restoring strength to the spine and vertebra, but also in restoring good health so that there is vigorous flow of energy throughout the body.

Chiropractic healing is an effective treatment for muscle, joint and bone problems. It is very effective when used to treat conditions such as headaches and carpal tunnel syndrome. It is the single most effective treatment for lower back pain. In fact, it has been so effective that it is the third largest health care profession after medicine and dentistry. Of the 36+ million Americans visiting chiropractors every year, 70% are treated for back pain, 20% for head and neck disorders and the rest are treated for other disorders. Chiropractic healing even soothes colicky babies, thereby giving harassed mothers a well-deserved break.

Chiropractic healing may also help people who are partially paralyzed. Therapy is not contained to the paralyzed parts of the body. Many confined individuals suffer from excessive shoulder and arm related injuries that come from the stress of using a wheelchair. Strengthening exercises help to prevent future injuries and harden the areas that are prone to over-use.

While one branch of Chiropractic healing keeps itself strictly within the parameters of hand-manipulation, another branch called Osteopathy actively uses heat, massage, nutrition and other therapies to achieve the same results. Chiropractic healing coaxes the body to heal itself, thus it is a great adjunct to traditional medicine.



Chiropractor Manipulation

Chiropractic Service